Power structures of directed spaces

Abstract: Powerdomains in domain theory plays an important role in modeling the semantics of nondeterministic functional programming languages.\ In this paper,\ we extend the notion of powerdomain to the category of directed spaces,\ which is equivalent to the notion of the\ $T_0$\ monotone-determined space\ \cite{EN2009}.\ We define the notion of upper,\ lower and convex powerspace of a directed space by the way of free algebras.\ We show that the upper,\ lower and convex powerspace over any directed space exist and give their concrete structures.\ Generally,\ the upper,\ lower and convex powerspaces of a directed spaces are different from the upper,\ lower and convex powerdomains of a dcpos endowed with the Scott topology and the observationally-induced upper and lower powerspaces introduced by Battenfeld and Sch\"{o}der in 2015. Keywords: powerdomain,\ directed lower powerspace of directed spaces,\ directed upper powerspace of directed spaces,\ directed convex powerspace of directed spaces,\ observationally-induced lower powerspace,\ observationally-induced lower powerspace