Mitigation of plasma-wall interactions with low-Z powders in DIII-D high confinement plasmas

Abstract: Experiments with low-Z powder injection in DIII-D high confinement discharges demonstrated increased divertor dissipation and detachment while maintaining good core energy confinement. Lithium (Li), boron (B), and boron nitride (BN) powders were injected in high-confinement mode plasmas ($I_p=$1 MA, $B_t=$2 T, $P_{NB}=$6 MW, $\langle n_e\rangle=3.6-5.0\cdot10<sup>{19}$ m$<sup>{-3}$) into the upper small-angle slot (SAS) divertor for 2-s intervals at constant rates of 3-204 mg/s. The multi-species BN powders at a rate of 54 mg/s showed the most substantial increase in divertor neutral compression by more than an order of magnitude and lasting detachment with minor degradation of the stored magnetic energy $W_{mhd}$ by 5%. Rates of 204 mg/s of boron nitride powder further reduce ELM-fluxes on the divertor but also cause a drop in confinement performance by 24% due to the onset of an $n=2$ tearing mode. The application of powders also showed a substantial improvement of wall conditions manifesting in reduced wall fueling source and intrinsic carbon and oxygen content in response to the cumulative injection of non-recycling materials. The results suggest that low-Z powder injection, including mixed element compounds, is a promising new core-edge compatible technique that simultaneously enables divertor detachment and improves wall conditions during high confinement operation.