Unveiling the nature of 12 new low-luminosity Galactic Globular Cluster Candidates

Abstract: The Galactic globular cluster system is incomplete, especially in the low latitude regions of the Galactic bulge and disk. We report the physical characterization of twelve star clusters in the Milky Way, most of which are explored here for the first time. Our aim is determining their main physical parameters, such as reddening and extinction, metallicity, age, total luminosity, mean cluster proper motions (PMs), distances, in order to unveil their physical nature. We study the clusters using optical and near-infrared (NIR) datasets. We use the Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3) PMs in order to perform a PM-decontamination procedure and build final catalogues. We match the Gaia EDR3 with the VISTA Variables in the V\'ia L\'actea extended (VVVX) survey and Two Micron All Sky survey (2MASS) in the NIR, in order to construct complete colour-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) and investigate the clusters properties. The extinctions are evaluated using existing reddening maps, spanning $0.09\lesssim A_{Ks}\lesssim 0.86$ mag and $0.89 \lesssim A_{G}\lesssim 4.72$ mag in the NIR and optical, respectively. We obtain their heliocentric distances, that range from about 4 to 20 kpc, placing these clusters at $3\lesssim R_{G}\lesssim 14$ kpc from the Galactic centre. The best PARSEC isochrone fit yields a metallicity range of $-1.8<$[Fe/H]$<+0.3$ and an approximative age range of $2<$Age$<14$ Gyr. We find that all clusters have low-luminosities, with $-6.9<M_{V}<-3.5$ mag. Based on our photometric analysis, we confirm the OC nature for Kronberger100, while we classify Patchick125 as a metal-poor GC, Ferrero54 as a metal-rich GC, and ESO92-18 as a possible old OC or young GC. The classification as GC candidates is also suggested for Kronberger99, Patchick122, Patchick126, Riddle15, FSR190 and Gaia2. We also conclude that Kronberger119 and Kronberger143 might be either old OCs or young GCs.