The large-scale 21-cm power spectrum from reionization (2110.13190v2)

Abstract: Radio interferometers, such as the Low-Frequency Array and the future Square Kilometre Array, are attempting to measure the spherically averaged 21-cm power spectrum from the Epoch of Reionization. Understanding of the dominant physical processes which influence the power spectrum at each length-scale is therefore crucial for interpreting any future detection. We study a decomposition of the 21-cm power spectrum and quantify the evolution of its constituent terms for a set of numerical and semi-numerical simulations of a volume of $(714~\mathrm{Mpc})^3$, focusing on large scales with $k\lesssim 0.3$~Mpc$^{-1}$. We find that after $\sim 10$ per cent of the Universe has been ionized, the 21-cm power spectrum follows the power spectrum of neutral hydrogen fluctuations, which itself beyond a certain scale follows the matter power spectrum. Hence the signal has a two-regime form where the large-scale signal is a biased version of the cosmological density field, and the small-scale power spectrum is determined by the astrophysics of reionization. We construct a bias parameter to investigate the relation between the large-scale 21-cm signal and the cosmological density field. We find that the transition scale between the scale-independent and scale-dependent bias regimes is directly related to the value of the mean free path of ionizing photons ($\lambda_{\mathrm{MFP}}$), and is characterised by the empirical formula $k_{\mathrm{trans}} \approx 2/\lambda_{\mathrm{MFP}}$. Furthermore, we show that the numerical implementation of the mean free path effect has a significant impact on the shape of this transition. Most notably, the transition is more gradual if the mean free path effect is implemented as an absorption process rather than as a barrier.