Epistemic confidence, the Dutch Book and relevant subsets

Abstract: We use a logical device called the Dutch Book to establish epistemic confidence, defined as the sense of confidence \emph{in an observed} confidence interval. This epistemic property is unavailable -- or even denied -- in orthodox frequentist inference. In financial markets, including the betting market, the Dutch Book is also known as arbitrage or risk-free profitable transaction. A numerical confidence is deemed epistemic if its use as a betting price is protected from the Dutch Book by an external agent. Theoretically, to construct the Dutch Book, the agent must exploit unused information available in any relevant subset. Pawitan and Lee (2021) showed that confidence is an extended likelihood, and the likelihood principle states that the likelihood contains all the information in the data, hence leaving no relevant subset. Intuitively, this implies that confidence associated with the full likelihood is protected from the Dutch Book, and hence is epistemic. Our aim is to provide the theoretical support for this intuitive notion.