On factorized overlaps: Algebraic Bethe Ansatz, twists, and Separation of Variables

Abstract: We investigate the exact overlaps between eigenstates of integrable spin chains and a special class of states called "integrable initial/final states". These states satisfy a special integrability constraint, and they are closely related to integrable boundary conditions. We derive new algebraic relations for the integrable states, which lead to a set of recursion relations for the exact overlaps. We solve these recursion relations and thus we derive new overlap formulas, valid in the XXX Heisenberg chain and its integrable higher spin generalizations. Afterwards we generalize the integrability condition to twisted boundary conditions, and derive the corresponding exact overlaps. Finally, we embed the integrable states into the "Separation of Variables" framework, and derive an alternative representation for the exact overlaps of the XXX chain. Our derivations and proofs are rigorous, and they can form the basis of future investigations involving more complicated models such as nested or long-range deformed systems.