Derivatives, Eulerian polynomials and the $g$-indexes of Young tableaux

Abstract: In this paper we first present summation formulas for $k$-order Eulerian polynomials and $1/k$-Eulerian polynomials. We then present combinatorial expansions of $(c(x)D)^n$ in terms of inversion sequences as well as $k$-Young tableaux, where $c(x)$ is a differentiable function in the indeterminate $x$ and $D$ is the derivative with respect to $x$. We define the $g$-indexes of $k$-Young tableaux and Young tableaux, which have important applications in combinatorics. By establishing some relations between $k$-Young tableaux and standard Young tableaux, we express Eulerian polynomials, second-order Eulerian polynomials, Andr\'e polynomials and the generating polynomials of gamma coefficients of Eulerian polynomials in terms of standard Young tableaux, which imply a deep connection among these polynomials.