Thermodynamic uncertainty relation for time-dependent driving

Abstract: Thermodynamic uncertainty relations yield a lower bound on entropy production in terms of the mean and fluctuations of a current. We derive their general form for systems under arbitrary time-dependent driving from arbitrary initial states and extend these relations beyond currents to state variables. The quality of the bound is discussed for various types of observables for an interacting pair of colloidal particles in a moving laser trap and for the dynamical unfolding of a small protein. Since the input for evaluating these bounds does not require specific knowledge of the system or its coupling to the time-dependent control, they should become widely applicable tools for thermodynamic inference in time-dependently driven systems.