Structure and Instability of the Ionization Fronts around Moving Black Holes

Abstract: In this paper we focus on understanding the physical processes that lead to stable or unstable ionization fronts (I-fronts) observed in simulations of moving black holes (BHs). The front instability may trigger bursts of gas accretion, rendering the BH significantly more luminous than at steady-state. We perform a series of idealized three dimensional radiation hydrodynamics simulations resolving the I-fronts around BHs of mass $M_\mathrm{BH}$ and velocity $v_\infty$ accreting from a medium of density $n_\mathrm{H}$. The I-front, with radius $R_\mathrm{I}$, transitions from D-type to R-type as the BH velocity becomes larger than a critical value $v_\mathrm{R}\sim 40\,\mathrm{km/s}$. The D-type front is preceded by a bow-shock of thickness $\Delta R_\mathrm{I}$ that decreases as $v_\infty$ approaches $v_\mathrm{R}$. We find that both D-type and R-type fronts can be unstable given the following two conditions: i) for D-type fronts the shell thickness must be $\Delta R_\mathrm{I}/R_\mathrm{I}&lt;0.05$ (i.e., $v_\infty \gtrsim 20\,\mathrm{km/s}$.), while no similar restriction holds for R-type fronts; ii) the temperature jump across the I-front must be $T_\mathrm{II}/T_\mathrm{I}&gt;3$. This second condition is satisfied if $T_\mathrm{I}&lt;5000\,\mathrm{K}$ or if $$n_\mathrm{H}\,M_\mathrm{BH} \gtrsim 10<sup>6\,M_\odot\,\mathrm{cm<sup>{-3}}$$. Due to X-ray pre-heating typically $T_\mathrm{I} \sim 10<sup>4\,\mathrm{K}$, unless the D-type shell is optically thick to X-rays, which also happens when $n_\mathrm{H}\,M_\mathrm{BH}$ is greater than a metallicity-dependent critical value. We thus conclude that I-fronts around BHs are unstable only for relatively massive BHs moving trough very dense molecular clouds. We briefly discuss the observational consequences of the X-ray luminosity bursts likely associated with this instability.