Improved depth resolution and depth-of-field in temporal integral imaging systems through non-uniform and curved time-lens array

Abstract: Observing and studying the evolution of rare non-repetitive natural phenomena such as optical rogue waves or dynamic chemical processes in living cells is a crucial necessity for developing science and technologies relating to them. One indispensable technique for investigating these fast evolutions is temporal imaging systems. However, just as conventional spatial imaging systems are incapable of capturing depth information of a three-dimensional scene, typical temporal imaging systems also lack this ability to retrieve depth information; different dispersions in a complex pulse. Therefore, enabling temporal imaging systems to provide these information with great detail would add a new facet to the analysis of ultrafast pulses. In this paper, after discussing how spatial three-dimensional integral imaging could be generalized to the time domain, two distinct methods have been proposed in order to compensate for its shortcomings such as relatively low depth resolution and limited depth-of-field. The first method utilizes a curved time-lens array instead of a flat one, which leads to an improved viewing zone and depth resolution, simultaneously. The second one which widens the depth-of-field is based on the non-uniformity of focal lengths of time-lenses in the time-lens array. It has been shown that compared with conventional setup for temporal integral imaging, depth resolution, i.e. dispersion resolvability, and depth-of-field, i.e. the range of resolvable dispersions, have been improved by a factor of 2.5 and 1.87, respectively.