Tailored single-atom collisions at ultra-low energies

Abstract: We employ collisions of individual atomic cesium (Cs) impurities with an ultracold rubidium (Rb) gas to probe atomic interaction with hyperfine- and Zeeman-state sensitivity. Controlling the Rb bath's internal state yields access to novel phenomena observed in inter-atomic spin-exchange. These can be tailored at ultra-low energies, owing to the excellent experimental control over all relevant energy scales. First, detecting spin-exchange dynamics in the Cs hyperfine state manifold, we resolve a series of previously unreported Feshbach resonances at magnetic fields below 300 mG, separated by energies as low as $h\times 15$ kHz. The series originates from a coupling to molecular states with binding energies below $h\times 1$ kHz and wave function extensions in the micrometer range. Second, at magnetic fields below $\approx 100\,$mG, we observe the emergence of a new reaction path for alkali atoms, where in a single, direct collision between two atoms two quanta of angular momentum can be transferred. This path originates from the hyperfine-analogue of dipolar spin-spin relaxation. Our work yields control of subtle ultra-low-energy features of atomic collision dynamics, opening new routes for advanced state-to-state chemistry, for controlling spin-exchange in quantum many-body systems for solid state simulations, or for determination of high-precision molecular potentials.