Atmospheric NLTE-models for the spectroscopic analysis of blue stars with winds. IV. Porosity in physical and velocity space (1805.11010v1)

Abstract: [Abridged] Clumping in the radiation-driven winds of hot, massive stars affects the derivation of synthetic observables across the electromagnetic spectrum. We implement a formalism for treating wind clumping - in particular the light-leakage effects associated with a medium that is porous in physical and velocity space - into the global (photosphere+wind) NLTE model atmosphere code FASTWIND. We assume a stochastic, two-component wind consisting of a mixture of optically thick and thin clumps embedded in a rarefied inter-clump medium. We account fully for the reductions in opacity associated with porosity in physical and velocity-space, and for the well-known effect that opacities depending on rho^2 are higher in clumpy winds than in smooth ones of equal mass-loss rate. By formulating our method in terms of suitable mean and effective opacities for the clumpy wind, we are able to compute models with the same speed (~15 min. on a modern laptop) as in previous code-generations. Some first, generic results of the new models include: i) Confirming earlier results that velocity-space porosity is critical for analysis of UV wind lines in O-stars; ii) for the optical Halpha line, optically thick clumping effects are small for O-stars, but potentially very important for late B and A-supergiants; iii) spatial porosity is a marginal effect for absorption of high-energy X-rays in O-stars, as long as the mean-free path between clumps are kept at realistic values; iv) porosity is negligible at typical O-star radio-photosphere radii; v) regarding the wind ionization balance, a general trend is that increased rates of recombination in simulations with optically thin clumps lead to overall lower degrees of ionization than in corresponding smooth models, but that this effect now is counteracted by the increased levels of light-leakage associated with porosity in physical and velocity space.