Stretched Exponential Relaxation of Glasses: Origin of the Mixed Alkali Effect

Abstract: Although it is indeed commonly believed that, as frozen supercooled liquids, glasses should continue to flow over the years (e.g., in the case of the stained-glass windows of medieval cathedrals), the dramatic increase of their viscosity below the glass transition temperature suggests, on the contrary, that their relaxation time is on the order of 10$^{32}$ years at room temperature. However, a recent study conducted by Mauro et al. reported the intriguing dynamics of the relaxation of a commercial Corning Gorilla Glass at room temperature, over 1.5 years. Here, we report a novel atomistic simulation method allowing us to directly access the long-term (years) dynamics of glass relaxation at room temperature. Based on the simulation of a series of mixed alkali silicate glasses, we demonstrate that room-temperature relaxation is a direct consequence of the mixed alkali effect. Although both volume and energy feature a stretched exponential relaxation, our results reveal a bifurcation of the stretching exponents, with $\beta$ = 3/5 and 3/7 for energy and volume relaxation, respectively. Relaxation is found to occur through the diffusion of local stressed structural instabilities inside the atomic network, which anneal each other when a compressed atomic unit meets one that is under tension. The driving force for such diffusion-trap relaxation mechanism is found to be at a maximum when the concentrations of each alkali atom equal each other, which arises from a balance between the concentration of each alkali atom and the magnitude of the local stress that they undergo.