Galaxy Cluster A1689 in Modified MOND, MOG and Emergent Gravity

Abstract: We model the cluster A1689 in two modified MOND frameworks (EMOND and what we call generalised MOND or GMOND) with the aim of determining whether it is possible to explain the inferred acceleration profile, from gravitational lensing, without the aid of dark matter. We also compare our result to predictions from MOG/STVG and Emergent Gravity. By using a baryonic mass model, we determine the total gravitational acceleration predicted by the modified gravitational equations and compare the result to NFW profiles of dark matter studies on A1689 from the literature. Theory parameters are inferred empirically, with the aid of previous work. We are able to reproduce the desired acceleration profile of A1689 for GMOND, EMOND and MOG, but not Emergent Gravity. There is much more work which needs to be conducted with regards to understanding how the GMOND parameters behave in different environments. Furthermore, we show that the exact baryonic profile becomes very important when undertaking modified gravity modelling rather than {\Lambda}CDM.