On phase separation in systems of coupled elliptic equations: asymptotic analysis and geometric aspects

Abstract: We consider a family of positive solutions to the system of $k$ components [ -\Delta u_{i,\beta} = f(x, u_{i,\beta}) - \beta u_{i,\beta} \sum_{j \neq i} a_{ij} u_{j,\beta}^2 \qquad \text{in $\Omega$}, ] where $\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^N$ with $N \ge 2$. It is known that uniform bounds in $L^\infty$ of ${\mathbf{u}{\beta}}$ imply convergence of the densities to a segregated configuration, as the competition parameter $\beta$ diverges to $+\infty$. In this paper %we study more closely the asymptotic property of the solutions of the system in this singular limit: we establish sharp quantitative point-wise estimates for the densities around the interface between different components, and we characterize the asymptotic profile of $\mathbf{u}\beta$ in terms of entire solutions to the limit system [ \Delta U_i = U_i \sum_{j\neq i} a_{ij} U_j^2. ] Moreover, we develop a uniform-in-$\beta$ regularity theory for the interfaces.