Laser frequency stabilization based on steady-state spectral-hole burning in Eu$^{3+}$:Y$_2$SiO$_5$

Abstract: We present and analyze a method of laser frequency stabilization via steady-state patterns of spectral holes in Eu$^{3+}$:Y$_2$SiO$_5$. Three regions of spectral holes are created, spaced in frequency by the ground state hyperfine splittings of $~^{151}$Eu$^{3+}$. The absorption pattern is shown not to degrade after days of laser frequency stabilization. An optical frequency comparison of a laser locked to such a steady-state spectral-hole pattern with an independent cavity-stabilized laser and a Yb optical lattice clock demonstrates a spectral-hole fractional frequency instability of $1.0\times10^{-15}~ \tau^{-\frac{1}{2}}$ that averages to $8.5^{+4.8}_{-1.8}\times10^{-17}$ at $\tau = 73$ s. Residual amplitude modulation at the frequency of the RF drive applied to the fiber-coupled electro-optic modulator is reduced to less than $1\times10^{-6}$ fractional amplitude modulation at $\tau>$ 1 s by an active servo. The contribution of residual amplitude modulation to the laser frequency instability is further reduced by digital division of the transmission and incident photodetector signals to less than $1\times10^{-16}$ at $\tau>$ 1 s.