Probing The Ultraviolet Luminosity Function of the Earliest Galaxies with the Renaissance Simulations

Abstract: In this paper, we present the first results from the Renaissance Simulations, a suite of extremely high-resolution and physics-rich AMR calculations of high redshift galaxy formation performed on the Blue Waters supercomputer. These simulations contain hundreds of well-resolved galaxies at $z \sim 25-8$, and make several novel, testable predictions. Most critically, we show that the ultraviolet luminosity function of our simulated galaxies is consistent with observations of high-z galaxy populations at the bright end of the luminosity function (M${1600} \leq -17$), but at lower luminosities is essentially flat rather than rising steeply, as has been inferred by Schechter function fits to high-z observations, and has a clearly-defined lower limit in UV luminosity. This behavior of the luminosity function is due to two factors: (i) the strong dependence of the star formation rate on halo virial mass in our simulated galaxy population, with lower-mass halos having systematically lower star formation rates and thus lower UV luminosities; and (ii) the fact that halos with virial masses below $\simeq 2 \times 10^8$ M$\odot$ do not universally contain stars, with the fraction of halos containing stars dropping to zero at $\simeq 7 \times 10^6$ M$_\odot$. Finally, we show that the brightest of our simulated galaxies may be visible to current and future ultra-deep space-based surveys, particularly if lensed regions are chosen for observation.