On balanced planar graphs, following W. Thurston

Abstract: Let $f:S^2\to S^2$ be an orientation-preserving branched covering map of degree $d\geq 2$, and let $\Sigma$ be an oriented Jordan curve passing through the critical values of $f$. Then $\Gamma:=f^{-1}(\Sigma)$ is an oriented graph on the sphere. In a group email discussion in Fall 2010, W. Thurston introduced balanced planar graphs and showed that they combinatorially characterize all such $\Gamma$, where $f$ has $2d-2$ distinct critical values. We give a detailed account of this discussion, along with some examples and an appendix about Hurwitz numbers.