Pathways, Scaling Laws and Analytical Solutions for Crease Formations in a Gel Layer

Abstract: An analytical study on crease formations in a swelling gel layer is conducted. By exploring the smallness of the layer thickness and using a method of coupled series-asymptotic expansions, the original nonlinear eigenvalue problem of partial differential equations is reduced to one of ordinary differential equations. The latter problem is then solved analytically to obtain closed-form solutions for all the post-bifurcation branches. With the available analytical results, a number of deep insights on crease formations are provided, including the unveiling of three pathways to crease (depending on the layer thickness), determination of the bifurcation type, establishment of a lower bound for mode numbers and two scaling laws. Also, a number of experimental results are captured, which are then nicely interpreted based on the analytical solutions. In particular, it is shown that some critical physical quantities are invariant with respect to the thickness at the moment of crease formation. It appears that the present work offers a comprehensive understanding on crease formation, a widely-spread phenomenon.