Persistent Thermal Inhomogeneities in a Gas-Cluster Mixture

Abstract: Surface tension of small grains and droplets makes them stable only at a much lower temperature than in bulk. This makes spontaneous nucleation unfavorable in many cases. Kinetic approaches are delicate in that one can easily generate models that do not agree with thermodynamics in the large N limit. Here it is shown that thermodynamics itself dictates a kind of temperature suppression inside each small cluster in any gas-cluster mixture. This gives a different perspective on the "translation-rotation" paradox in that this gives a time averaged steady state thermal inhomogeneity rather than just temporal fluctuations in the energy. This not only reduces the barrier to nucleation but also suggests a change in the thermal radiation spectrum from such a mixture that is not just a result of the inhibited radiation spectrum from Mie radiators. Either verification or refutation of this effect will be shown have important consequences for thermodynamics. An understanding of this effect will be essential to kinetic approaches to nucleation theory.