Using Continued Fractions to Compute Iwasawa Lambda Invariants of Imaginary Quadratic Number Fields

Abstract: Let $\ell>3$ be a prime such that $\ell \equiv 3 \pmod{4}$ and $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{\ell})$ has class number 1. Then Hirzebruch and Zagier noticed that the class number of $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-\ell})$ can be expressed as $h(-\ell) = (1/3)(b_1+b_2 + \cdots + b_m) - m$ where the $b_i$ are partial quotients in the `minus' continued fraction expansion $\sqrt{\ell} = [[b_0; \overline{b_1, b_2, \ldots, b_m}]]$. For an odd prime $p \neq \ell$, we prove an analogous formula using these $b_i$ which computes the sum of Iwasawa lambda invariants $\lambda_p(-\ell)+\lambda_p(-4)$ of $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-\ell})$ and $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-1})$. In the case that $p$ is inert in $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-\ell})$, the formula pleasantly simplifies under some additional technical assumptions.