Product set phenomena for countable groups

Abstract: We develop in this paper general techniques to analyze local combinatorial structures in product sets of two subsets of a countable group which are "large" with respect to certain classes of (not necessarily invariant) means on the group. As applications of our methods, we extend and quantify a series of recent results by Jin, Bergelson-Furstenberg-Weiss, Beiglb\"ock-Bergelson-Fish, Griesmer and DiNasso-Lupini to general countable groups.