Collective strong coupling in a lossy optical cavity

Abstract: We observe vacuum Rabi splitting in a lossy nearly confocal cavity indicating the strong coupling regime, despite a weak single-atom single-mode coupling. Strong collective interaction manifests itself in the typical $\sqrt{N}$-dependence of the normal mode splitting on the number of atoms $N$. The $TEM_{00}$-mode coupling parameters are $(g,\kappa,\gamma)=2\pi\times(0.12,0.8,2.6)$ MHz and up to $(1.33\pm 0.08)\times10^5$ cesium atoms were loaded into the mode volume.