$F$-manifolds with eventual identities, bidifferential calculus and twisted Lenard-Magri chains

Abstract: Given an $F$-manifold with eventual identities we examine what this structure entails from the point of view of integrable PDEs of hydrodynamic type. In particular, we show that in the semisimple case the characterization of eventual identities recently given by David and Strachan is equivalent to the requirement that $E\circ$ has vanishing Nijenhuis torsion. Moreover, after having defined new equivalence relations for connections compatible with respect to the $F$-product $\circ$, namely hydrodynamically almost equivalent and hydrodynamically equivalent connections, we show how these two concepts manifest themselves in several specific situations. In particular, in the case of an $F$-manifold endowed with eventual identity and two almost hydrodynamically equivalent flat connections we are able to derive the recurrence relations for the flows of the associated integrable hierarchy. If the two connections originate from a flat pencil of metrics these reduce to the standard bi-Hamiltonian recursion. Furthermore, using the geometric set-up proposed here we show how the recurrence relations of the principal hierarchy introduced by Dubrovin arise in this general framework and we provide a general cohomological set-up for the conservation laws of the semihamiltonian hierarchy associated to a semisimple $F$-manifold with compatible connection and eventual identity. Therefore, the point of view we propose, not only highlight the conceptual unity of two well-known recursive schemes (principal hierarchy and classical bi-Hamiltonian) but it also provides a far reaching generalization of these recursions that relies on the presence of an eventual identity.