On sums of Apéry polynomials and related congruences (1101.1946v4)

Abstract: The Ap\'ery polynomials are given by $$A_n(x)=\sum_{k=0}^n\binom nk^2\binom{n+k}k^2x^k\ \ (n=0,1,2,\ldots).$$ (Those $A_n=A_n(1)$ are Ap\'ery numbers.) Let $p$ be an odd prime. We show that $$\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}(-1)^kA_k(x)\equiv\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}\frac{\binom{2k}k^3}{16^k}x^k\pmod{p^2},$$ and that $$\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}A_k(x)\equiv\left(\frac xp\right)\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}\frac{\binom{4k}{k,k,k,k}}{(256x)^k}\pmod{p}$$ for any $p$-adic integer $x\not\equiv 0\pmod p$. This enables us to determine explicitly $\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}(\pm1)^kA_k$ mod $p$, and $\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}(-1)^kA_k$ mod $p^2$ in the case $p\equiv 2\pmod3$. Another consequence states that $$\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}(-1)^kA_k(-2)\equiv\begin{cases}4x^2-2p\pmod{p^2}&\mbox{if}\ p=x^2+4y^2\ (x,y\in\mathbb Z),\0\pmod{p^2}&\mbox{if}\ p\equiv3\pmod4.\end{cases}$$ We also prove that for any prime $p>3$ we have $$\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}(2k+1)A_k\equiv p+\frac 76p^4B_{p-3}\pmod{p^5}$$ where $B_0,B_1,B_2,\ldots$ are Bernoulli numbers.