Combining individually valid and conditionally i.i.d. P-variables

Abstract: For a given testing problem, let $U_1,...,U_n$ be individually valid and conditionally on the data i.i.d.\ P-variables (often called P-values). For example, the data could come in groups, and each $U_i$ could be based on subsampling just one datum from each group in order to satisfy an independence assumption under the hypothesis. The problem is then to deterministically combine the $U_i$ into a valid summary P-variable. Restricting here our attention to functions of a given order statistic $U_{k:n}$ of the $U_i$, we compute the function $f_{n,k}$ which is smallest among all increasing functions $f$ such that $f(U_{k:n})$ is always a valid P-variable under the stated assumptions. Since $f_{n,k}(u)\le 1\wedge (\frac {n}{k} u)$, with the right hand side being a good approximation for the left when $k$ is large, one may in particular always take the minimum of 1 and twice the left sample median of the given P-variables. We sketch the original application of the above in a recent study of associations between various primate species by Astaras et al.