Quantum Quenches in an XXZ Spin Chain from a Spatially Inhomogeneous Initial State

Abstract: Results are presented for the nonequilibrium dynamics of a quantum $XXZ$-spin chain whose spins are initially arranged in a domain wall profile via the application of a magnetic field in the $z$-direction which is spatially varying along the chain. The system is driven out of equilibrium in two ways: a). by rapidly turning off the magnetic field, b). by rapidly quenching the interactions at the same time as the magnetic field is turned off. The time-evolution of the domain wall profile as well as various two-point spin correlation functions is studied by the exact solution of the fermionic problem for the $XX$ chain and via a bosonization approach and a mean-field approach for the $XXZ$ chain. At long times the magnetization is found to equilibrate (reach the ground state value), while the two-point correlation functions in general do not. In particular, for quenches within the gapless $XX$ phase, the transverse spin correlation functions acquire a spatially inhomogeneous structure at long times whose details depend on the initial domain wall profile. The spatial inhomogeneity is also recovered for the case of classical spins initially arranged in a domain wall profile and shows that the inhomogeneities arise due to the dephasing of transverse spin components as the domain wall broadens. A generalized Gibbs ensemble approach is found to be inadequate in capturing this spatially inhomogeneous state.