Two-dimensional Systems that Arise from the Noether Classification of Lagrangians on the Line

Abstract: The Noether-like operators that play an essential role in writing down the invariants for systems of two ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are constructed. The classification of such operators is carried out with the help of analytic continuation of the Lagrangians on the line. Cases in which the Noether-like operators are also Noether symmetries for the systems of ODEs are briefly mentioned. In particular, the 8-dimensional maximal Noether subalgebra is remarkabely obtained for the simplest system of the free particle equations in two dimensions from the 5-dimensional complex Noether algebra. We present the effectivness of Noether-like operators as well as the determination of all first integrals of systems of nonlinear differential equation which have not been reported before. This study gives a new direction to construct first integrals for systems of nonlinear differential equations.