Locate the upper fluence boundary of deterministic switching

Determine the upper fluence boundary at which the calibrated deterministic switching regime of the integrated Si3N4/GdFeCo element breaks down, including whether sufficiently strong pulses erase the surviving rare-earth sign and cause recovery to become noise-selected rather than deterministic.

Background

The simulations establish a robust switching window over a 2.4-fold fluence range but do not observe over-fluence failure. The proposed physical boundary occurs when heating removes the rare-earth memory used by the switching latch; beyond that point, the model predicts a transition from reproducible toggling to stochastic, multidomain recovery. Fluences beyond the computed range would therefore be required to identify this crossover.

References

The upper boundary of the robust window is therefore not established by these data.

— Self-consistent modelling of all-optical switching and magneto-optic readout in an integrated Si$_3$N$_4$/GdFeCo waveguide  (2608.22969 - Mulyana et al., 24 Aug 2026) in Section 4, subsection “Fluence robustness window”