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Compatibility of Carmeli’s cosmological relativity with CMB observables

Establish how inflation in Carmeli’s five-dimensional cosmological relativity can match the observed tensor-to-scalar ratio and the CMB power spectrum by developing a rigorous linear perturbation theory in the 5D framework.

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Background

Carmeli’s approach invokes a 5D spacetime–velocity manifold that yields accelerated expansion without a scalar potential. However, the mapping to standard CMB observables remains undeveloped.

A consistent perturbation theory is necessary to compute scalar and tensor spectra, compare with data, and assess viability relative to GR-based inflation.

References

However, it remains unclear how CR models match with the observed tensor-to-scalar ratio or the CMB power spectrum in full detail. A rigorous treatment of linear perturbations in 5D CR is still lacking in the literature.

— From geometry to cosmology: a pedagogical review of inflation in curvature, torsion, and extended gravity theories (2509.14306 - Momeni, 17 Sep 2025) in Section: Inflation in Cosmological Relativity: Carmeli's Theory