Effects of outflows on wake-driven binary torque

Determine how winds or jets from one or both black-hole components modify the wake-driven torque on a binary black hole and whether they enhance or disrupt the gas-induced orbital-expansion regime identified in uniform-medium simulations.

Background

The simulations model isolated Bondi–Hoyle–Lyttleton accretion without winds or jets. However, astrophysical black-hole binaries may launch outflows that exert accelerating, or anti-frictional, forces on embedded objects; colliding outflows can also generate a positive torque through a mechanism distinct from gravitational wake interactions. The unresolved issue is therefore how these outflows interact with the wake-driven torque and whether they preserve, strengthen, or suppress the expansion regime found in the simulations.