Mechanism of information encoding in Hawking radiation after the Page time

Determine the detailed mechanism by which information is encoded into Hawking radiation after the Page time, specifying how information about the black hole’s microstate is transferred to the radiation.

Background

In discussing black hole thermodynamics and information, the paper argues that standard QFT observables are well-defined only on asymptotically flat boundaries and maintains that, if the total entanglement entropy of the universe is zero, then information should not be lost in gravitational scattering. Nevertheless, the authors acknowledge that the microphysical details of how Hawking radiation encodes information remain unresolved.

This problem centers on the post-Page-time regime, when the entanglement structure of emitted radiation must reflect the black hole’s internal degrees of freedom to preserve overall information. Despite extensive proposals in the literature, a concrete, universally accepted mechanism for this encoding is still lacking, and the authors explicitly note this unresolved status.