Influence of ISM structure on multiphase outflow content and impact

Establish how the spatial structure of the interstellar medium (e.g., clumpiness, porosity, and cloud-size distribution) affects the multiphase composition and overall impact (mass, momentum, and energy transfer) of AGN-driven outflows across galaxy environments.

Background

A central motivation of the paper is that realistic ISM inhomogeneities (clumps, gaps, and porosity) may fundamentally alter outflow morphology, phase content, and energetics compared to homogeneous media. This remains uncertain observationally and theoretically, complicating interpretation of momentum boosts, kinetic coupling efficiencies, and scaling relations.

The simulations aim to probe these effects but note that broadly characterizing the dependence on ISM structure across parameter space and observational conditions is still unresolved.