Identify the dominant mechanical effect in ultrasound-mediated sonoporation

Determine whether acoustic microstreaming, acoustic radiation forces, jetting, or other physical effects constitute the dominant mechanical mechanism in ultrasound-mediated sonoporation.

Background

The paper discusses sonoporation as a method for permeabilizing cell membranes and increasing drug uptake using targeted ultrasound. Traditional approaches commonly employ microbubble contrast agents and rely primarily on cavitation, whereas alternative methods seek to reduce the risks of cellular and cargo damage. Because ultrasound generates multiple simultaneous physical effects—including acoustic microstreaming, radiation forces, jetting, and cavitation—the specific mechanical mechanism responsible for sonoporation remains unresolved. Clarifying which effect dominates would improve the physical interpretation and control of ultrasound-based drug-delivery methods.