Explain the largest multi-millisecond latency stalls

Determine the cause of the separate population of multi-millisecond stalls observed in the socket-to-book latency measurements.

Background

The live CME market-data study characterizes the typical latency floor, serialization slope, queue occupancy, and packet-position effects, but reports a separate population of exceptionally large stalls reaching the millisecond range. The paper explicitly states that these observations remain unexplained within the study, leaving their cause unresolved.