Effectiveness of NCII legislation under anonymity and encryption

Evaluate the effectiveness of legislative measures penalizing the creation and distribution of digitally altered non-consensual intimate imagery when dissemination occurs via anonymous accounts or end-to-end encrypted channels.

Background

The paper documents significant harm from open text-to-image models being used to generate digitally altered non-consensual intimate imagery (NCII) and notes ongoing legislative proposals intended to deter such activities.

However, the spread of NCII through anonymous or end-to-end encrypted platforms presents enforcement challenges, leaving the real-world efficacy of these legislative approaches uncertain.