Establish whether delayed black-hole formation produces long-lived magnetized collapsar outflows

Establish whether systems undergoing delayed black-hole formation after an asymmetric proto-neutron-star phase enter the same long-lived magnetized collapsar regime as systems formed by prompt direct horizon collapse.

Background

The simulations begin with a central black hole and do not model the preceding proto-neutron-star phase. The authors note that delayed black-hole formation could provide an additional recoil source, but it is unresolved whether such systems develop the sustained, magnetically driven collapsar outflows represented in the simulations. Resolving this issue is important for connecting proto-neutron-star-collapse models to the long-lived magnetized collapsar kick mechanism.

References

While delayed BH formation may provide an additional source of recoil, it is not clear that such systems would enter the same long-lived magnetized collapsar regime modeled in this work.

— Strong Black Hole Natal Kicks in Magnetized Accretion-Powered Explosions  (2609.10694 - Li et al., 9 Sep 2026) in Section 8, subsection “Context and Limitations”