Two-path obstruction characterization

Determine whether the forbidden-induced-subgraph characterization of bounded shrub-depth remains valid when the obstruction family of flipped $3P_t$ is replaced by flipped $2P_t$; equivalently, establish whether every hereditary graph class of unbounded shrub-depth contains arbitrarily large flipped $H_t$ or a flipped $2P_t$ as an induced subgraph.

Background

The paper characterizes hereditary graph classes of bounded shrub-depth by excluding, for some fixed order tt, all flipped half-graphs of order tt and all flipped tPttP_t. It further observes that the multiplicity-tt path obstruction can be reduced to multiplicity three, yielding a characterization using flipped 3Pt3P_t. The authors identify the multiplicity-two case as an unresolved strengthening, while multiplicity one cannot work because every graph on tt vertices is a flipped 1Pt1P_t.

References

It remains open whether the theorem also holds for~$2P_t$, but we know it fails for~$1P_t$, as every graph on~$t$ vertices is a flipped~$1P_t$.

Forbidden Induced Subgraphs for Bounded Shrub-Depth and the Expressive Power of MSO  (2501.13903 - Mählmann, 23 Jan 2025) in Section 1, subsection “Forbidden Induced Subgraphs”