Approximability of separable Banach spaces by a common vanishing gauge

Determine whether every separable Banach space is approximable in the following sense: whether there exists a vanishing gauge omega such that, for every compact set K and every varepsilon>0, a uniformly continuous map phi can be found with relatively compact image, sup_{xin K}\|x-phi(x)\|<varepsilon, and global modulus omega_phileqomega.

Background

The paper studies approximation of Banach-space operators and identity maps by finite-dimensional-range maps whose stability is controlled uniformly by a common modulus. After proving an equivalence between Lipschitz decompositions and the Lipschitz bounded approximation property, it turns to Kalton's weaker framework based on vanishing gauges and almost-Lipschitz bounds.

A Banach space is defined to be omega-approximable if, for some vanishing gauge omega, every compact subset can be approximated arbitrarily accurately by a uniformly continuous map with relatively compact image and modulus bounded by omega. The authors explicitly leave unresolved whether every separable Banach space has this property for some vanishing gauge.

References

It remains open whether every separable Banach space is approximable in the sense defined below.

— Uniform Approximation for Operator Learning on Compact Sets  (2610.11709 - Liu et al., 8 Oct 2026) in Section 3, immediately following the theorem characterizing Lipschitz decomposability and the Lipschitz bounded approximation property