Distance Between Stochastic Linear Systems (2509.04014v1)

Abstract: This manuscript proposes a distance measure between stochastic linear dynamical systems. While the existing stochastic control theory is well equipped to handle dynamical systems with stochastic uncertainties, a paradigm shift using distance measure based decision making is required for the effective further exploration of the field. As a first step, a distance measure between two linear time invariant stochastic dynamical systems is proposed here, extending the existing distance metrics between deterministic linear dynamical systems. Distance measure for stochastic systems is proposed for the frequency domain setting as the worst-case point-wise in frequency Wasserstein distance between distributions characterising the uncertainties using inverse stereographic projection on the Riemann sphere. For the time domain setting, the proposed distance corresponds to the gap metric induced type-$q$ Wasserstein distance between the push-forward measures under both systems' corresponding measurable maps from the parameter space to their respective space of system plants. It is proved and demonstrated using numerical simulation that the proposed frequency domain distance measure shall never exceed the proposed time domain distance measure counterpart. Lower and upper bounds are provided for the proposed distance measures in both frequency and time domain settings. The proposed distance measures induce a topology in the corresponding (frequency/time) domain space of stochastic dynamical systems and will facilitate the provision of probabilistic guarantees on system robustness and controller performances.