Quantum memory based on concatenating surface codes and quantum Hamming codes

Abstract: Designing quantum error correcting codes that promise a high error threshold, low resource overhead and efficient decoding algorithms is crucial to achieve large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computation. The concatenated quantum Hamming code is one of the potential candidates that allows for constant space overhead and efficient decoding. We study the concatenation of surface codes with quantum Hamming codes as a quantum memory, and estimate its error threshold, resource overhead and decoding time. A high error threshold is achieved, which can in principle be pushed up to the threshold of the surface code. Furthermore, the concatenated codes can suppress logical errors to a much lower level than the surface codes, under the assumption of comparable amount of resource overhead. The advantage in suppressing errors starts to show for a quantum memory of intermediate scale. Concatenating surface codes with quantum Hamming codes therefore provides a promising avenue to demonstrate small-scale fault-tolerant quantum circuits in the near future, and also paves a way for large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computation.