Wavelength modulation laser-induced fluorescence for plasma characterization

Abstract: Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy is an essential tool for probing ion and atom velocity distribution functions (VDFs) in complex plasmas. VDFs carry information about kinetic properties of the species critical for plasma characterization, yet their accurate interpretation is challenging due to multicomponent distributions, broadening effects, and background emissions. Our research introduces wavelength modulation (WM) LIF as a solution to enhance VDF sensitivity measurements. WM-LIF, unlike standard amplitude modulation (AM) methods, measures the derivative of the LIF signal, providing greater sensitivity to changes in VDF shape. A numerical model was developed to compare the efficacy of WM and AM signals in lock-in amplifier-based measurements. Experiments were conducted in a weakly collisional argon plasma with magnetized electrons and non-magnetized ions. The argon ion VDFs were measured using a narrow-band tunable diode laser, with its wavelength scanned across the Ar ion transition 4p^4 D_(7/2)-3d^4 F_(9/2) centered at 664.553 nm (in vacuum). A lock-in amplifier detected the second harmonic WM signal, generated by modulating the laser wavelength with an externally controlled piezo-driven mirror. Our findings indicate that WM-LIF can be used to determine VDF parameters, such as distribution components and their temperatures and velocities, serving as an independent method of obtaining such parameters, which can be used for improving analysis of conventional AM approach. This method is especially beneficial in environments with substantial light noise or background emissions e.g., thermionic cathodes and reflective surfaces.