Observation of the two-photon Landau-Zener-Stückelberg-Majorana effect

Abstract: Second-order processes introduce nonlinearities in quantum dynamics, unlocking a totally unexpected area of control operations. Here we show that the well-known Landau-Zener-St\"uckelberg-Majorana (LZSM) transition can be driven by a virtual process in a three-level system whereby two photons from a drive with linearly-modulated phase create excitations onto the third level while avoiding completely the first level. We implement this experimentally in a transmon qubit achieving a population transfer of $98\%$, limited by relaxation. We predict and observe experimentally the doubling of the LZSM velocity. The observation of this effect is made possible by the nearly-exact cancellation of the two-photon ac Stark shift when the third transition is included. Furthermore, we demonstrate considerable robustness to offsets in frequency and amplitude, both in theory and experimentally.