Generalized ARRIVAL Problem for Rotor Walks in Path Multigraphs

Abstract: Rotor walks are cellular automata that determine deterministic traversals of particles in a directed multigraph using simple local rules, yet they can generate complex behaviors. Furthermore, these trajectories exhibit statistical properties similar to random walks. In this study, we investigate a generalized version of the reachability problem known as ARRIVAL in Path Multigraphs, which involves predicting the number of particles that will reach designated target vertices. We show that this problem is in NP and co-NP in the general case. However, we exhibit algebraic invariants for Path Multigraphs that allow us to solve the problem efficiently, even for an exponential configuration of particles. These invariants are based on harmonic functions and are connected to the decomposition of integers in rational bases.