Two-dimensional Thomson scattering in high-repetition-rate laser-plasma experiments

Abstract: We present the first two-dimensional (2D) optical Thomson scattering measurements of electron density and temperature in laser-produced plasmas. The novel instrument directly measures $n_e(x,y)$ and $T_e(x,y)$ in two dimensions over large spatial regions (cm$^2$) with sub-mm spatial resolution, by automatically translating the scattering volume while the plasma is produced repeatedly by irradiating a solid target with a high-repetition-rate laser beam (10 J, $\sim$10$^{12}$ W/cm$^2$, 1 Hz). In this paper, we describe the design and auto-alignment of the instrument, and the computerized fitting algorithm of the spectral distribution function to large data-sets of measured scattering spectra, as they transition from the collective to the non-collective regime with distance from the target. As an example, we present 2D scattering measurements in laser driven shock waves in ambient nitrogen gas at a pressure of 95 mTorr.