A Bayesian Non-parametric Approach for Causal Mediation with a Post-treatment Confounder

Abstract: We propose a new Bayesian non-parametric (BNP) method for estimating the causal effects of mediation in the presence of a post-treatment confounder. We specify an enriched Dirichlet process mixture (EDPM) to model the joint distribution of the observed data (outcome, mediator, post-treatment confounders, treatment, and baseline confounders). The proposed BNP model allows more confounder-based clusters than clusters for the outcome and mediator. For identifiability, we use the extended version of the standard sequential ignorability as introduced in \citet{hong2022posttreatment}. The observed data model and causal identification assumptions enable us to estimate and identify the causal effects of mediation, $i.e.$, the natural direct effects (NDE), and indirect effects (NIE). We conduct simulation studies to assess the performance of our proposed method. Furthermore, we apply this approach to evaluate the causal mediation effect in the Rural LITE trial, demonstrating its practical utility in real-world scenarios. \keywords{Causal inference; Enriched Dirichlet process mixture model.}