Unbounded expansion of polynomials and products

Abstract: Given $d,s \in \mathbb{N}$, a finite set $A \subseteq \mathbb{Z}$ and polynomials $\varphi_1, \dots, \varphi_{s} \in \mathbb{Z}[x]$ such that $1 \leq deg \varphi_i \leq d$ for every $1 \leq i \leq s$, we prove that [ |A^{(s)}| + |\varphi_1(A) + \dots + \varphi_s(A) | \gg_{s,d} |A|^{\eta_s} , ] for some $\eta_s \gg_{d} \log s / \log \log s$. Moreover if $\varphi_i(0) \neq 0$ for every $1 \leq i \leq s$, then [ |A^{(s)}| + |\varphi_1(A) \dots \varphi_s(A) | \gg_{s,d} |A|^{\eta_s}. ] These generalise and strengthen previous results of Bourgain--Chang, P\'{a}lv\"{o}lgyi--Zhelezov and Hanson--Roche-Newton--Zhelezov. We derive these estimates by proving the corresponding low-energy decompositions. The latter furnish further applications to various problems of a sum-product flavour, including questions concerning large additive and multiplicative Sidon sets in arbitrary sets of integers.