Collaborative behavior of intruders moving amid grains

Abstract: We investigate the motion of groups of intruders in a two-dimensional granular system by using discrete numerical simulations. By imposing either a constant velocity or a thrusting force on larger disks (intruders) that move within smaller ones (grains), we obtained instantaneous positions and components of forces for each intruder and grain. We found that (i) intruders cooperate even when at relatively large distances from each other; (ii) the cooperative dynamics is the result of contact chains linking the intruders as well as compaction and expansion of the granular medium in front and behind, respectively, each intruder; (iii) the collaborative behavior depends on the initial arrangement of intruders; and (iv) for some initial arrangements, the same spatial configuration is eventually reached. Finally, we show the existence of an optimal distance for minimum drag for a given set of intruders, which can prove useful for devices stirring the ground or other granular surfaces.