The effect of "fear" on two species competition

Abstract: Non-consumptive effects such as fear of depredation, can strongly influence predator-prey dynamics. These effects have not been as well studied in the case of purely competitive systems, despite ecological and social motivations for the same. In this work we consider the classic two species ODE and PDE Lokta-Volterra competition models, where \emph{one} of the competitors is "fearful" of the other. We find that the presence of fear can have several interesting dynamical effects on the classical scenarios of weak and strong competition, and competitive exclusion. Notably, for fear levels in certain regimes, we show bi-stability between interior equilibrium and boundary equilibrium is possible - contrary to the classical strong competition situation where bi-stability is only possible between boundary equilibrium. Furthermore, in the spatially explicit setting, the effects of several spatially heterogeneous fear functions are investigated. In particular, we show that under certain $\mathbb{L}^{1}$ restrictions on the fear function, a weak competition type situation can change to competitive exclusion. Applications of these results to ecological as well as sociopolitical settings are discussed, that connect to the "landscape of fear" (LOF) concept in ecology.