Critical pedagogy in the implementation of educational technologies

Abstract: This paper presents a critical review of the challenges to the implementation of learning technologies with particular focus on developing countries. A comprehensive literature review on learning technologies was undertaken for the purpose of understanding the challenges in developing countries. The research question is: what extent does education empower learners to be full participants in a socially democratic society? The literature review identified 25 papers relevant to this topic. Challenges are interrelated and to bring about changes in developing countries, this paper proposes two educational technology frameworks based on: 1. cultural conceptual framework, and 2. problem-based constructivist psychology simulation model. The framework and simulation model are both useful to guide practice and research.